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Expression of stem cell biomarker CD44 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its association with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging

2025-11-21T09:43:32Z

Title: Expression of stem cell biomarker CD44 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its association with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging Authors: Suresh., T N; Satadruti, Chakraborty.; Azeem Mohiyuddin, S M Abstract: Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. OSCC is a highly invasive lesion frequently having soaring morbidity as well as substantial mortality, attributed to resistance to therapy, metastasis, and recurrence driven by specific populations of cancer stem cells (CSC). The evidence of the association of expression of stem cell biomarker CD44 and metastatic potential of the tumor is inconclusive in OSCC and hence needs further evaluation. Objectives: To determine the immunohistochemical expression of CD44 in OSCC and to find its association with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging. Materials and Methods: One hundred and five histologically proven cases of OSCC were studied. Histopathological parameters like depth of invasion, presence of lymph node metastasis, grading, and TNM staging were done according to the new AJCC staging criteria. Both intensity and proportion of CD44 expression were recorded. Results: The mean age observed in this study was 52.59 years with a male: female ratio of 1:3.76. Forty‑nine cases (46.6%) showed a depth of invasion of more than 10 mm. Fifty‑two out of one hundred and five cases (49%) had nodal involvement. TNM staging was 5.7%, 7.6%, 44.7%, and 42% for stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The majority of the cases (87.5%) showed CD44 expression in the tumor. There was a significant association between the CD44 expression and lymph node metastases (P < 0.001). Higher CD44 expression was seen in stages III and IV (P < 0.001). Conclusion: CD44, a stem cell biomarker is significantly associated with higher TNM stage and lymph node metastases. This may be useful in predicting the tumor behavior in the small biopsy.

Expression of BRCA1 by immunohistochemistry and its association with ER, PR, Her2neu status in infiltrative ductal carcinoma of breast

2025-11-21T09:37:53Z

Title: Expression of BRCA1 by immunohistochemistry and its association with ER, PR, Her2neu status in infiltrative ductal carcinoma of breast Authors: Soman; Princy, S; Hemalatha, A; Sreeramulu, P. N. Abstract: Background: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which differs in its clinical behaviors and responses to treatment and outcome. The prognosis of breast cancer depends on histopathological parameters and molecular subtypes. Among more than 300 genes, which are involved in the pathogenesis of breast cancer tumor suppressor gene such as BRCA1 is known to play a significant role in hereditary cancers. However, its role in sporadic cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma is yet to be established. Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the expression of BRCA1 in infiltrative ductal carcinoma and to analyze the association of BRCA1 with histopathological parameters and estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (Her2) neu expression. Materials and Methods: This was a laboratory‑based exploratory study in which 56 patients with infiltrative ductal carcinoma who underwent radical mastectomy from October 2019 to July 2021 were included. Patients with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, trucut biopsies, and incomplete patient details were excluded. Immunostaining for BRCA1 was performed. Individual clinicopathological parameters were compared with the BRCA1 mutation. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 22. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 56 cases of IDC, 18 cases (32.1%) showed BRCA1 mutation. BRCA1 mutation was associated with postmenopausal age, larger tumor size, lower tumor grade, and higher tumor staging. When we analyzed the biomarkers with BRCA1 mutation, it showed a negative association with ER, PR, and Her2 neu and a high Ki67 proliferation index. No family history of breast carcinoma was seen in 34/56 patients where history was available. Conclusion: Our study showed BRCA1 mutation in 32.1% and associated with postmenopausal age group, larger tumor size, and higher staging and negative hormonal status of breast carcinoma.

Expression of BAX and Bcl-2 Gene in Prostate Carcinoma and its Correlation with Gleason Score

2025-11-21T09:06:20Z

Title: Expression of BAX and Bcl-2 Gene in Prostate Carcinoma and its Correlation with Gleason Score Abstract: Introduction: Prostate cancer is primarily a disease that occurs in the elderly age group amongst men above 65 years of age. The relationship between the Bcl‑2 and Bax genes and the Gleason staging of prostate cancer has not been studied in depth, and there is a dearth of published Indian research on the subject. Hence, this study aims to comprehend how the apoptotic mechanism relates to prostate cancer. The aim of the study was to determine the proportion (expression) of Bcl‑2 and BAX genes in prostate carcinoma (PCa) and to observe the correlation of Bcl‑2 and BAX gene association with Gleason scoring in PCa. Materials and Methods: Transurethral resected prostatic Chips positive for PCa and paraffin blocks were evaluated for the study. H‑score system was used based on the cytoplasmic staining into negative mild, moderate and strong cytoplasmic staining. Results: Fifty cases were analysed. There was a notable relationship between Gleason grade and tumour size, and levels of prostate‑specific antigen (PSA) were in an increasing manner with Gleason’s grade except at Grade 3, with the majority of cases falling into Gleason grade 5 (42%) and PSA levels falling into the range of 90–99 (28%), tumour size falling into the range of 3.1–6 cm (44%), T4 stage (34%) and metastasis (80%). Conclusion: This study concluded that PSA levels in cases of prostate cancer patients were showing an increasing trend with Gleason grade. This demonstrated a striking correlation between Gleason grade and H score BCL2, but not one that was particularly significant for the BAX gene.

Evaluation of Phlebotomy Quality Metrics: An Effective Tool for Quality Patient Care

2025-11-21T06:23:29Z

Title: Evaluation of Phlebotomy Quality Metrics: An Effective Tool for Quality Patient Care Authors: Ayswaria Padmaja, Unnithan.; Subhashish, Das.; Kalyani R, R Abstract: Introduction: Contrary to popular belief, phlebotomy is not just about venipuncture. Still, it is much more than that as phlebotomy is considered a natural face of any laboratory that provides vital support for complete diagnostic services. Quality in laboratory results significantly impacts the diagnosis and management of patients since about 80% of all medical decisions are based on laboratory results. Quality indicators (QIs) are known to analyse the performance of laboratories and monitoring of QIs leads to finding areas that need improvement. QIs are qualitative or quantitative information associated with an event, process or result put under observation, which can evaluate the changes over time. It is also able to verify achievement by comparing it with set criteria. Materials and Methods: A laboratory‑based cross‑sectional study was conducted to evaluate QIs from January 2017 to date undertaken to evaluate the following quality parameters: (a) incompletely filled requisition forms (RFs), (b) wrongly labeled samples, (c) haemolysed samples, (d) clotted samples, (e) turnaround time estimation and (f) topographical errors. These indicators were captured daily and analysed monthly, and appropriate remedial steps were taken. Results: A total of 315,250 samples were received during the study period. In the pre‑analytical phase, incomplete RFs 3783 (1.2%) was the poorest QI, followed by haemolysis 2522 (0.8%) samples. Conclusion: Continuous monitoring of QIs not only helps provide error‑free services but also helps qualitative improvement of diagnosis services along with better patient care.