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A study of origin of coronary arteries in human cadaveric hearts of South Karnataka region

2023-09-01T00:00:00Z

Title: A study of origin of coronary arteries in human cadaveric hearts of South Karnataka region Authors: Shashidhar, K.; Venkateshu, K V Abstract: Background: The coronary arteries take origin from the aortic sinuses. The aortic sinuses are located in theinitial portion of the aortic root, which presents the leaflets of the aortic valve. The aortic sinusesreach beyond the upper border of the cusp. These sinuses are named according to their positionas the anterior, left posterior, and right posterior aortic sinuses. The right coronary arteryoriginates from the anterior coronary sinus and the left coronary artery originates from the leftposterior aortic sinus. Recently, anomalous origin of coronary arteries as a cause of coronaryheart disease is gaining significance. This presents with significant clinical features, includingsudden death, especially in young athletes. Aim: 1. To identify the location of left coronary artery ostia and measurement of diameter of it. 2. To identify the location of right coronary artery ostia and measurement of diameter of it Methods: Cadaveric heart specimens were dissected. The ascending aorta was divided at the origin andthe location of the coronary artery opening at anterior and posterior aortic sinuses wereidentified. The numbers of opening were noted. The diameter of the coronary artery openings was measured using digital vernier calipers. Results: The right coronary artery opening was located at a distance of 11.5mm from the right anterioraortic sinus. The mean diameter of the right coronary artery opening was 3mm.The left coronary artery opening was located at a distance of 10.4mm from the left posterioraortic sinus. The mean diameter of the left coronary artery opening was 4mm. There were no accessory openings. Conclusion: The right coronary artery opening was located at a greater distance from the correspondingright aortic sinus compared with that of the left coronary artery arising from left aortic sinus.The diameter of left coronary artery opening was greater than the right coronary arteryopening. The location of the coronary artery opening is important for interventionalcardiologists before performing procedures like coronary artery bypass grafting, coronaryangiography, coronary angioplasty. The diameters of the coronary artery ostia are alsonecessary for the above procedures. This study will throw light on the dimensions of coronaryartery ostia and will be helpful for cardiologists to select the required catheter to performinterventional procedures on heart.

Morphometric Study of Gallbladder in Cadavers

2022-03-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Morphometric Study of Gallbladder in Cadavers Authors: Divya, C; Ashwini., N; Sridevi., N Abstract: Background & Aims: The gallbladder and biliary tract are structures that are in close proximity to the adjacent organs and can exhibit a variety of anomalies and anatomic variations. However, the literature on morphological variations of the gallbladder and their prevalence are limited. This study aims to identify various anatomical variations in gallbladder shape and position that should be considered for clinical implications, investigative procedures, radiological studies, surgical interventions, embryological explanations, and comparative anatomy. Aim of this study is to study the morphology of gallbladder in cadavers. Materials & Methods: This study was done on 100 cadaveric liver and gallbladder specimens available in the Department of Anatomy, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India. Parameters such as maximum transverse diameter and maximum length were measured with help of metallic tape. Each specimen was studied for morphological variations. The observations were tabulated and analysed statistically. Results: Gallbaladder samples had length ranging between 3.3 and 12 cm, transverse diameter between 2.0 and 5.0 cm. The commonest shape observed in this study was pear shaped in 84% of cases. The length of gallbladder below the inferior border of liver varied between 0.4 and 2.5 cm. Conclusion: The anatomic variations of the gallbladder and biliary tract are critical during their surgical procedures. The present study describes the different anatomic variations of human gallbladder and its clinical importance. This study will greatly assist surgeons in understanding the possible morphology of the gallbladder.

Ameliorative Effect of Punica Granatum on Histological Integrity of Sertoli Cells and Leydig Cells in Rats with Exposure to Radio Electromagnetic Radiation

2022-04-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Ameliorative Effect of Punica Granatum on Histological Integrity of Sertoli Cells and Leydig Cells in Rats with Exposure to Radio Electromagnetic Radiation Authors: Anjaneyababu Naik, B.; Sridevi, N. S. Abstract: Abstract: Nowadays, infertility is a global problem; it affects 15% of couples worldwide. Male infertility can be attributed to an array of mobile phone (MP) radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). The purpose of this study is to explore the capability of pomegranate juice (PJ) extract in protecting rat testis against the impairment caused by RF-EMR. To evaluate the effect of Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation and efficacy of Pomegranate juice on the structural integrity of Sertoli cells and interstitial cells of Leydig. Thirty Sprague Dawley rats were split into five groups (n = 6/group) such as control - I; RF-EMR - II; RF-EMR + PJ - III; RF-EMR Recovery - IV; Pomegranate juice - V. Histological integrity of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells were found in 4G MP RF-EMR exposed rats when compared to group I. Seminiferous tubules (STs) showed the winding of interstitial spaces and an overall reduction in their size. Sertoli cells were resting irregularly. Leydig cells are darkly stained nuclei, vascular nuclei, and acidophilic vacuolated cytoplasm containing tiny lipid droplets. The co-administration of pomegranate juice showed improvement in STs was normal in shape. Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells rest on an intact basement membrane. Sertoli cells appeared as tall cells between spermatogenic cells with prominent nuclei compared to RF-EMR group II. Exposure to 4G MP RF-EMR causes Histo-morphological changes (damage) of Sertoli and Leydig cells. However, co-administration of pomegranate juice acts as an agent against the 4G MP RF-EMR induced alterations.

Neurobehavioural and Neurochemical Changes in Arsenic Induced Cerebellar Toxicity in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats: An Experimental Study

2022-03-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Neurobehavioural and Neurochemical Changes in Arsenic Induced Cerebellar Toxicity in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats: An Experimental Study Authors: Sawan, Ravi Shankar Prasad;; Srinivasa, Sridevi Nangali;; Shashidhar Kurpad, Nagaraj, Abstract: Introduction: Sodium arsenite, an inorganic arsenic, is naturally present at high level (>50 μg/L) in ground water. Drinking ground water is the biggest threat to public health. Though, there are numerous reports on arsenic neurotoxicity, the arsenic effect on cerebellar neurotoxicity remains vague especially its chronic effect on its neurobehavioural and neurochemical alterations. Aim: To evaluate the neurobehavioural and neurochemical alterations caused by sodium arsenite in cerebellum of rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in the Central Animal House at Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research (SDUAHER) from November 2019 to February 2020 for a period of 90 days. Total 16 male sprague-dawley rats were randomised into two equal groups. Group I: Control, received normal saline. Group II: Sodium arsenite, doses of 50 Parts per Millions (PPM) for 90 days through oral gavage. Rats were subjected to Open Field Test (OFT) for locomotor and exploratory behaviour and Beam Walking Test (BWT) for motor coordination and balance. Following behavioural tests, rats were anaesthetised. Blood was drawn from a retro-orbital puncture. Brains were dissected and cerebellum was separated. Concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO) and activity of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) were assessed spectrophotometrically in serum and cerebellum of rats. Mean±SD was used for normally distributed data and groups were compared using independent t-test, whereas for non-normally distributed data, Median (25th-75th Percentile) was used and Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare groups. Results: Arsenic-treated rats showed a significant increase in arsenic concentration in serum and cerebellum (5.5±1.6 ng/mL, 2.76±0.56 µg/g, respectively) compared to control (1.14±0.43 ng/mL, 0.65±0.29 µg/g, respectively). There was a significant decrease in locomotor and exploratory behaviour and impairment in motor coordination and balance in arsenic treated rats with a p-value <0.001 in comparison with control rats. The arsenic treated rats had significantly enhanced concentration of MDA and NO level and reduced activity of GPx in serum {16.84 (13.84-18.87), 33.79 (30.05-37.17) nmol/mL, and 6.89 (5.24-8.5) mmoles of Reduced glutathione (GSH) oxidised/min/mL, respectively} compared to control {8.81 (8.36-9.48), 17.66 (15.33-21.29) nmol/mL, and 15.16 (12.77-16.59) mmoles of GSH oxidised/min/mL, respectively} and also found increased concentration of MDA and NO level and reduced activity of GPx in tissue {7.98 (7.14-8.92), 24.67 (21.4-28-22) nmol/mg of protein and 2.66 (1.19-3.86) mmoles of GSH oxidised/min/mg protein, respectively} compared to control {3.02 (2.35-3.61), 13.93 (11.0-16.16) nmol/mg of protein and 7.63 (7.08-9.19) mmoles of GSH oxidised/min/mg protein, respectively}. Conclusion: The oral administration of sodium arsenite at the doses of 50 PPM for 90 days showed interesting alterations in neurobehavioural and neurochemical parameters related to cerebellum of rats.