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Eye in the skin- A review article

Wed, 01 Mar 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Eye in the skin- A review article Authors: Chaitra, M C.; Ramanjanayalu, M Abstract: 1. Introduction There is a common embryogenic origin for skin, mucous membranes & corneal epithelium, deriving from surface epithelium. The position between the surface of eye and the eyelids results in “innocent bystander” ocular damage affecting the skin of the eyelids till the eyelid margin. Cicatricial pemphigoid, xeroderma pigmentosum Vogt- Koyanagi-Harada syndrome & eczema, may result in an autoimmune attack of both conjunctiva & skin. Ocular pathologies associated with skin diseases may involve any part of the eye or its adnexae. Skin diseases which involve the eye can be grouped as (Table 1) 2. Bullous Vesicular Disorders 2.1. Pemphigus Lids, conjunctiva, cornea, lens & iris are involved rarely.1 Cnjunctival bullae & catarrhal or purulent conjunctivitis are seen mostly involving the palpebral conjunctiva2 with * Corresponding author. E-mail address: drchaitramc@gmail.com (Chaitra M C). edema, purulent discharge, & erythema.1,3 In P. foliaceus entropion, trichiasis of both lids leading to corneal damage & in 5% of cases. In few red, nodular iris lesions may be seen. 2.2. Cicatricial pemphigoid Unilateral as chronic, recurrent catarrhal conjunctivitis, but later becomes bilateral. Stage 1 – Subepithelial fibrosis Stage 2 - fornix foreshortening Stage 3 - symblepharon-hallmark Stage 4 – ankyloblepharon & surface keratinization. Obstruction of lacrimal ductules & mebomian gland ducts leading to unstable tear film. Trichiasis, entropion due to subepithelial fibrosis with corneal neovascularization, keratopathy & corneal ulceration & scarring.4 2.3. Bullous pemphigoid Fine striae of tarsal subepithelial fibrosis.

Exposure to electronic gadgets and refractive errors among adolescents: A caseâ€“control study

Wed, 01 Feb 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Exposure to electronic gadgets and refractive errors among adolescents: A caseâ€“control study Authors: Inchara, N.; Sai Monisha, Jammula.; Praveen Kumar, B A Abstract: Introduction: The increasing use of electronic gadgets (e‑gadgets) has dramatically changed the adolescent lifestyle. There are rising concerns about the ill effects of the high usage of illuminated screens on vision, especially in adolescents. Objectives: The objective was to explore the pattern of e‑gadget use and its association with refractive errors (REs) among adolescents. Methods: A case–control study was carried out among adolescents attending a tertiary care hospital. Adolescents with REs (cases) were compared with those without REs (controls) based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two hundred matched adolescents (case‑to‑control ratio 1:1) were interviewed for exposure history to e‑gadget use and pattern. The Chi‑square test and odds ratio (OR) were calculated to find the association between e‑gadget use and REs. Results: Age (17.3 ± 3.4 vs. 16.8 ± 3.3 years) and gender distribution between cases and controls were comparable. The e‑gadget exposure among cases was higher than in controls (OR 1.4 P > 0.05); however, it is the duration of e‑gadget exposure for >5 years was significantly higher among the cases (OR 4.6 P < 0.05). During e‑gadget usage, sitting posture (OR 7.5 P < 0.05), poor lighting, indoor activity, and irregular sleep patterns were higher among cases. The purpose of using e‑gadgets was predominantly for social media and browsing in cases and the educational or reading purpose among controls. Conclusion: Lesser duration, correct posture, and proper purpose of exposure to e‑gadget are associated with lesser risk for REs. Results highlight the collective role of adolescents, parents, teachers, and doctors in education and lifestyle modification on e-gadget use.

Evaluation of tear function and ocular surface changes in patients with pseudoexfoliation

Fri, 01 Sep 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Evaluation of tear function and ocular surface changes in patients with pseudoexfoliation Authors: Swati, Kushwah; Sangeetha, Thamodharan; Kalyani, Raju Abstract: Aims and Objectives: This study intends to evaluate the Tear function and ocular surface changes in patients with pseudoexfoliation. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study will be conducted on a minimum of 45 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria in the department of Ophthalmology, at tertiary care institute. Tear meniscus height (TMH), Schirmer’s test, tear breakup time (TBUT), fluorescein staining, conjunctival impression cytology were used to assess dry eye disease in pseudoexfoliation (PEX) patients. Results: In our study the majority of patients with PEX were >70 years and females (23) are more than males (22). According to Grading of dry eye, 41(45.5%) were moderate grade, 24(26.7%) were mild grade, 13(14.5%) were severe grade and 12 (13.3%) were normal grade. Conjunctival impression cytology, fluorescein staining, TBUT, Schirmer’s tests, and TMH, all showed a statistically significant results with dry eye in the current study. Conclusion: The patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome are more prone to develop dry eye, as it causes tear film irregularities and a reduction in the number of goblet cells which is evident with conjunctival impression cytology and Tear film tests. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. For reprints contact: reprint@ipinnovative.com

Effect of manual small incision cataract surgery on pre-corneal tear film at a tertiary care centre

Thu, 01 Jun 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Title: Effect of manual small incision cataract surgery on pre-corneal tear film at a tertiary care centre Authors: Kruthika, S.; Usha, B R Abstract: postoperative patient satisfaction and results in substandard visual acuity. Tear film is disrupted during cataract surgery which leads to dry eye disease. Very few studies are available for the assessment of dry eye following manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) among the South Indian population. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of dry eye and to evaluate tear film following manual small incision cataract surgery. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in the Department of Ophthalmology at a tertiary care hospital for the assessment of dry eye following MSICS using dry eye indices like tear meniscus height, tear film break up time, Schirmer’s Test 1 and Rose Bengal staining. The patients were assessed preoperatively and at one week, one month and three months postoperatively. Results: In the first week following manual small incision cataract surgery, 21 eyes (33.3%), 26 eyes (41.3%), and 2 eyes (3.2%) experienced mild, moderate, and severe dry eyes, respectively. One month after MSICS surgery, 22 eyes (34.9%), 19 eyes (30.2%) and 1 eye (1.6%) had mild, moderate and severe dry eye respectively. The mean values of dry eye indices were normal preoperatively and significantly reduced at the one-week and one-month postoperative review. Conclusion: The dry eye illness began to manifest immediately following cataract surgery and peaked on day seven. Over time, symptoms of dry eye was seen to decrease. Despite satisfactory visual recovery, dry eye illness is a typical post-cataract surgery complaint that negatively impacts patient satisfaction and must be assessed and treated promptly. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. For reprints contact: reprint@ipinnovative.com